Fish oil supplements for health care are gaining widespread popularity due to their high content of Omega 3 fatty acids. Find out 3 essential facts that can help you reap the maximum benefits of fish oils and make the right health care decision.

Omega 3 fatty acids play a key role in the health of your body and mind. Fish oil is an excellent source of omega-3 fatty acids. It is a common question in the minds of people as to what is the RDA (recommended daily allowance) of fish oil supplements for health.

The fact is that there is no RDA set by the government in this regard. Health professionals have different opinions about how much omega-3 fatty acids we need for an optimum health, but this is just their opinion and not recommended daily allowances.

There are 3 things you need to be careful about regarding fish oil supplements for health --

1) Cod Liver Oil is quite rich in some vitamins such as vitamin A. It can be toxic in high doses. So, if you are taking cod liver oil, you should be careful that you do not exceed the RDA for vitamin A.

Thus it becomes very important to be vigilant in order to avoid the potential toxic effects of cod liver oil. It is highly suggested that you maintain different types of fish resources in your daily regimen of fish oil supplements for health.

2) The best fish oils are derived from fish found in cold and deep oceanic waters. They are very rich in Omega 3 fatty acid content. Most of the sea waters are polluted and therefore majority of the fish oil is contaminated with toxins such as Mercury, PCB and many more industrial pollutants.

Some of the best species of fish used in the most effective fish oil supplements for health are salmon (from Alaska), tuna, sardines and Hoki fish (found in the southern coast of New Zealand). These are rich in DHA and EPA and are sourced from cold and deep sea waters.

3) If you want the best fish oil supplements for health, you should ensure that you only purchase a product that has been molecularly distilled. This process frees the fish oil from any toxins and impurities such as heavy metals and other contaminants that are present.

Fishes are not only affected by man-made pollution, but also nature-made pollution. For example, volcanic eruptions result in the spread of contaminants in many sea areas.

Visit my website to find out key insights on what to look for in the best fish oil supplements for health, that can help you achieve a vibrant, sharp and healthy - mind and body.

Adolescents face many oral health problems which may require them to visit a dentist or any other healthcare professional. Irregular teeth growth is a common problem and adolescents with braces are a common sight. Another problem is wisdom teeth extraction or the removal of the third molar. Dental cavities are yet another common problem in adolescents.

Orthodontics is a specialty in dentistry which deals with correction, development and prevention of irregular teeth, jaw and bite. Orthodontics also helps to correct jaw disorders and facial abnormalities. If a general dentist feels abnormalities in the adolescent, he/she will refer the patient to an orthodontist. The American Dental Association suggests that every adolescent above the age of seven should get an orthodontic evaluation done. Problems which require orthodontic treatment are crowded or crooked teeth, extra teeth, missing teeth, under-bite, overbite, jaw joint disorder, and incorrect or misaligned jaw position.

To get braces or any other orthodontic treatments, the appropriate age is ten to fourteen years. But regardless of the age, the same physical and biological process is used in correcting and moving the teeth alignments. Braces are also known as fixed orthodontic appliances. There are three types of braces used to move and reposition the teeth. The first consists of brackets which are made out of plastic or metal. They are either of tooth color or clear and are bonded onto the teeth. The second type is the lingual type of brackets which are attached to the back teeth and cannot be seen while talking. The third type is a band. It is a metal band which covers the teeth and wraps around the last ones.

When adolescents wear braces they have to take certain precautions in order to avoid any more oral health complications. The most important precautionary measure is to brush the teeth regularly after every meal. Since the food can be easily lodged in braces, it is a good idea to brush carefully with soft bristles toothbrush and fluoride toothpaste. In the morning, the adolescent must floss between the braces and teeth. Food stuffs which are sticky or hard must be avoided as they are very difficult to remove. Foods like caramel, chew candy, popcorn, and nuts must be avoided. Cleaning must be done by the orthodontist or general dentist, every five to six months.

The wisdom teeth or third molars can grow in people of the age fifteen to twenty five. These teeth cause problem, because most of the mouths are too small to adjust new teeth and hence they need to be removed. If the wisdom tooth has place to grow, without affecting other teeth, they can be left to themselves. But if the adolescent experiences pain, facial swelling, mouth infection and gum-line swelling, then they should be extracted immediately. They can also destroy the second molars and impact other tooth. Various gum and jaw diseases can be caused. There can be a tumor development; cysts development and plaque build up. Hence, a surgery is performed to remove the tooth or teeth. The gum tissue covering the wisdom tooth is removed and the connective tissue connecting the tooth to the bone is detached. The tooth is then removed and the opening is sutured. A general dentist can perform wisdom tooth surgery in the local office using anesthesia.

Five times common than asthma is tooth cavities. The tooth above the gum line is made up of enamel, the hardest tissue within the human body. The tooth below the gum-line comprise of nerves, roots and dentin. Dentin is another type of tissue and isn't as hard as the enamel. The acid which leads to tooth decay is produced by bacteria. These acids, along with dietary sugar, attach the enamel and eat away the minerals within the enamel, until a cavity is formed. This is known as tooth cavity. The biggest prevention against dental cavities is brushing teeth twice a day and even better, after every meal with fluoride toothpaste and soft bristle toothbrush. Carbonated drinks must be avoided strictly and must be replaced with fruit juices and sugary food must be avoided. Intake of fluoridated water also helps a lot or fluoride supplements can be used as replacement.

They say you don't appreciate something until it's gone. Well then, the one thing you should strive not to lose is your health. Are you sick, or know someone who is? Many things improve health, but the three most important things to do is 1. Avoid Trans fats 2. Detoxify heavy metals and toxins 3. Supplement with healthy nutrients.
Avoid Trans fats

Do you use Margarine? Most of us do. I quit, when I learned that Trans fats are one of the biggest causes of cancer. Most everything we eat these days are made with Trans fats. Eliminating the biggest culprits is very important! Margarine, shortening, and peanut butter are all made with oil. However their structure has been changed to make them last longer. This hydrogenation process also makes them more dangerous.

Two German Doctors and noted cancer researchers in the 1930's learned a cause and a cure for cancer. Dr. Otto a Nobel Prize winner in 1931 proved that cancer happens when there is a lack of oxygen to the cell. Cells deprived of oxygen mutate into anaerobic cancer cells . They then divide and multiply using sugar for energy in a fermentation process. Around the same time another scientist and seven time Nobel Prize nominee Dr. Budwig expounded that this lack of oxygen was caused by Trans fats invading and smothering the cell.

Trans fats combine with our bodies natural cholesterol, which is used to coat, protect, and make cell walls. This new cholesterol Trans fat mixture is thickened and harder to penetrate. It is difficult for insulin to enter cells with this fortified barrier, resulting in type 2 Diabetes. When this mixture lines our arteries it causes blockages and Arteriosclerosis.
Detoxify

Toxins can be any substance or chemical that can cause illness or injury. Chemicals are in everything we eat, drink, breathe and use. Many of these chemicals are known to be harmful; others haven't been studied yet.

Most of our foods are filled with chemicals to preserve freshness and enhance taste etc. Even fruits and vegetables are sprayed with chemicals. Soda is made of chemicals. Our water has chlorine and fluoride in it. Air pollution contains dangerous fumes that invade every living thing. Household cleaners, hygiene products, etc. are made of chemicals.

Our body can only excrete a small portion of the toxins they are exposed too. Damage to the liver and kidneys leads to more toxic build up. The body places excess harmful substances where it can do the least damage, mostly in the fat cells. However toxins still accumulate in all of our cells and organs.

They have linked many illnesses with toxic levels of heavy metals. Examples: Alzheimer's with aluminum and Autism with mercury. Some forms of cancer like multiple myeloma is associated with environmental toxins. Is it really a wonder that so many people are sick? Everyone needs to Detoxify.
Supplement

The American diet is full of fat and chemicals, but lacking in important needed nutrients. Even if you follow the RDA and try to eat a healthy diet you are still malnourished in essential nutrients. It would take all day and then some to eat all the vitamins and nutrients our body needs to be healthy.
Chemicals can inhibit the nutrients from feeding our cells. Cola for instance is known to leech calcium from our bones. Plus the soil our crops are grown in have become depleted of minerals and polluted with chemicals.

That is why supplementation is so important. Most experts recommend supplementation and say that the recommended levels are way too low. For example the government may recommend that we get 400 mg of Vitamin D, but if our blood was tested, it would show that we would still be deficient.

Vitamins, minerals and herbs can do many things to keep us healthy and restore our health. When we catch a cold Vitamin C, Zinc and Echinachea helps us get better faster. Wounds heal faster with Vitamin C and Zinc. Antioxidants support the immune system and fight infections. Studies indicate that cancer patients are Vitamin D deficient, and that adding 1100 mg daily improved their prognosis.

Weather you want to get healthy or stay healthy avoiding Trans fats, detoxifying, and supplementing are very important. These practices all help nourish our cells. If our cells are deprived of oxygen, polluted, and don't get what they need, how can we be healthy?

Green foods have recently become a focus of modern natural health practices across Texas and the United States. Juice bars and natural health food markets in Austin, Dallas, and Houston boast smoothies with spirulina, vegetable juices with chlorella, and power shots of wheatgrass. Naturopaths have been known to prescribe super green foods to aid in the treatment of diseases ranging from asthma, to HIV, to lupus. While the incredibly rich mossy color of these supplements don't always look appealing, most of us think, "Well, it's probably good for me anyway." But just how good may prove surprising. Better yet, you don't even need a health insurance policy to cover it.

One pound of wheatgrass is the nutritional equivalent of twenty-five pounds of quality vegetables. Blue-green algaes, such as spirulina, have not only high levels of vitamins and minerals, but, pound for pound, more protein than meat or soybeans, and in laboratory tests, have proven instrumental in increasing the survival rate of cancer-infected mice. Alfalfa, a common ingredient in livestock feed, actually contains all known vitamins. Most of the time, only a teaspoon or tablespoon is required to gain nutritional benefit, and, really, we're just starting to figure out the health benefits of these super foods.

While consuming these power greens may make our health insurance companies and spouses happy, most of us have trouble enough just pronouncing their names. It can be a bit confusing to figure out which green food does what. To make life a little simpler, here is a basic overview of some of the most popular super green foods, which can be easily located in the supplement section of any major natural health food market in Texas:

(1) Alfalfa

Some would argue that alfalfa, though a green food, is not a "super green food." Many practitioners disagree. This well-known, seemingly ordinary grass, often fed to livestock and horses across Texas, is one of the most mineral-rich foods on the planet. Its roots can grow as deep as 130 feet, and in addition to all known vitamins, contains chlorophyll (considered highly nutritious when processed correctly), calcium, magnesium, phosphorus, and potassium. The minerals are present in a balanced form, which allows for maximum absorption.

Alfalfa is available in liquid, capsule, tablet, powder, and, of course, as the plant itself. It has been used to treat diseases ranging from arthritis to anemia, to bleeding gums, to cancer, and, like all other green foods, is still under study to discover the extent of its healing properties.

(2) Barley Grass

Containing iron, all essential amino acids, chlorophyll, flavonoids, vitamin B12, vitamin C, minerals, and enzymes, barley grass, too, is an often overlooked green food. It is highly nutritious, has been used to help treat stomach and intestinal disorders, and acts as an effective anti-inflammatory.

(3) Chlorella

One of the few edible species of water-grown algae, chlorella is virtually a complete food in and of itself. Its massive quantities of chlorophyll and protein in ratio to its size make it a power-punch for those lacking protein, as well as a storehouse of nutrition, with high levels of all the B vitamins, vitamin C, vitamin E, amino acids, and rare trace minerals.

Chlorella offers more B12 than liver per serving, and speeds the cleansing of the bloodstream. Its high RNA and DNA content are also believed to be agents in the fight against the effects of ultraviolet radiation. A good chlorella source needs to be factory processed, however, as its tough cell wall makes it difficult for the body to access its nutrients.

(4) Chlorophyll

Chlorophyll, while available in many forms as a separate nutrient, is also listed as a powerful component within many green foods. At first this may seem odd. After all, most in Texas and across the United States were taught that chlorophyll is a plant food, bound within a tough cell wall, and of little use to humans. And while it is true that chlorophyll usually needs to be processed in order to be more easily accessible to our bodies, research reports great benefits when properly consumed.

A better understanding of the cell structure itself has shed light on the situation. Hemoglobin is the oxygen-carrying protein found in red blood cells, whose central metallic atom is iron. The main, and quite simple, difference between a molecule of hemoglobin and a molecule of chlorophyll is that chlorophyll's central metallic atom is, instead, magnesium. The two may, in fact, be so similar as to someday justify treatments for certain types of anemia with chlorophyll; experiments on anemic animals reported a return to normal iron levels after four or five days of chlorophyll treatment.

(5) Kelp

Kelp may be a bit more familiar than other green foods, as it is a seaweed common in Asian cuisine, and is actually often used in toothpastes. It can be eaten raw, dried, granulated, or ground into powder. Granulated or powdered kelp is a tasty flavoring, and can be used as a salt substitute.

Like all green foods, kelp is a rich source of vitamins, minerals, and trace elements. It is especially useful for its high B-vitamin and iodine content, and has, consequently, been used to treat certain thyroid diseases -- possibly a major contributing factor to the obesity epidemic seen in Dallas, Houston, and many other Texas regions. Kelp is thought to be additionally beneficial to brain tissues and their surrounding membranes, the sensory nerves, spinal cord tissue, nails, and blood vessels.

Iodine tablets are often given to those in high-risk jobs involving radiation to help protect against its effects in the event of an accident. Kelp, too, is believed to somewhat combat the effects of radiation, probably due to its high iodine content.

(6) Spirulina

One of the first microalgaes to gain public recognition, spirulina is considered by many to be a miracle food. This is one of the most popular green food supplements seen in Texas and across the United States. At 60-70% protein content, it produces twenty times more protein than soybeans on an equal area of land, and is unparalleled by any single grain, herb, or plant for its high nutrient content. Among its top nutrients are gamma-linolenic acid (GLA), linoleic and arachidonic acids, vitamin B12, essential amino acids, nucleic acids RNA and DNA, chlorophyll and phycocyanin -- a blue pigment found only in blue-green algae and proven to increase the survival rate of laboratory mice with certain types of cancer.

Research is still underway, but many practitioners claim its power to enhance the immune system, reduce cholesterol, and aid in mineral absorption. With its high protein and nutrient content, spirulina is especially helpful to hypoglycemics and those who are fasting. The super food has been used to assist in the treatment of cancer and HIV, as well as many other serious diseases affecting nutrient absorption and the immune system.

(7) Wheatgrass

Its name makes wheatgrass sound a bit like a genetically-modified new addition to the ever-growing scheme of biological experimentation, but it is, in fact, nothing of the kind. Popularized by Dr. Ann Wigmore, founder of the Hippocrates Health Institute, wheatgrass is a growing international phenomena, with its great variety of vitamins, minerals, and trace elements. Doctors like Wigmore have been promoting wheatgrass for over a decade and, indeed, most would claim a definite boost of energy after a single serving. It has been used as an important part of therapies used to treat wide-ranging diseases, including cancer, immunological disorders, and mental health problems. Overall, it's just a great supplement for anyone, providing a healthy shot of much-needed vitamins and a kick of natural energy. Who needs coffee?

Green foods of any kind - be they kale, broccoli, or arugula -- are highly nutritious, highly beneficial, and do nothing but good things for your body. But this new era of discovering super green foods just may make nutrition on- the- go that much easier for super busy Americans, with little time to cook and prepare the nutritious meals we crave. The best recommendation is to start slowly. Mix a teaspoon of powdered super greens into a large, thick, sweet smoothie. This will help you acclimate to the taste while gaining that power-punch of vitamins. Or, like so many, just shoot it. Ask for a single serving of freshly juiced wheatgrass at your local juice bar, throw it down your gullet, and see what an energy kick you get for the day. After all, your nutrition is in your hands, and it may be just a teaspoon away.

What nutrients you put into your body will certainly affect your health as you age, and eventually your wallet as well.

Are you looking to dramatically improve your health at a minimum expense? There is a nutritional supplement with a lot of scientific backing that is really revolutionizing the health industry, in particular the detox and cleansing area. The company is called Waiora, and they make several health and nutritional products but Natural Cellular Defense, or NCD, is the one that has created the most buzz and really making Waiora a top notch nutritional company.

Waiora is all about rediscovering your health. A world class company that is dedicated to bring back that healthy living and anti aging philosophy by helping people maintain their health while they age. Waiora gives you a great and unique way to go through a three step process with Natural Cellular Defense, which are Remove, Replenish, and Restore.

Zeolite is the active ingredient in a breakthrough health product called Natural Cellular Defense (NCD). The Zeolite contained in NCD works at the cellular level by trapping heavy metals and toxins and safely removing them from the body.

The actual Zeolite molecule looks like a honey-comb and the ions are negatively charged by nature so when Liquid Zeolite is ingested orally it acts like a cage attracting all the positively charged toxins, heavy metals, allergens, etc. into the Zeolite like a magnet. After the positively charged elements bond with the zeolite they are flushed out of your system naturally with no harmful side effects.

This process is called oral chelation. Detoxifying your body by chelation with liquid cellular zeoilte is very safe and can quickly improve your body's immune system health, which makes liquid zeolite the leading oral chelation therapy worldwide and the number one selling product to detoxify your body.
Today, people are living longer lives, but that doesn't always mean healthier. Because lets face in, in today's world, its hard to come across the proper nutrition through our everyday foods and diets, and a lot of us still concentrate on doing this but find it hard to have the time and patience to always eat a well balanced meal.
Waiora is trying to help address this issue, because even though science may be extending the life span, it's not always extending the quality of life through aging, nutrition, vitamins, and health. You see it everyday, all kinds of advancements in healthcare, pills, medicine, nutritional science, but yet we still learn that these advancements aren't helping everything we wish them to, and that's to live longer and age better so we can enjoy life longer.
Because of the huge demand and high success rate people are having when taking Waiora's Natural Cellular Defense, this makes for a very easy home based business opportunity as well. So many Waiora distributors are proud to be apart of and happy promoting both health and wealth at the same time.

What if I told you that water purification doesn't necessarily provide you with pure water? And what if I also told you that drinking "pure" water could be a risk to your health?

If you're like me you probably place the health of your family and you at the top of your priority list. With the topic of environmental pollution appearing so often in the headlines its hard to ignore concerns about the quality of the air we breathe, the food we eat, and the water we drink.

There was a time when we poured ourselves a glass of water from our kitchen faucet and trusted that our local municipal water department was providing us with safe, potable water.

As we have all (including our municipalities) become more aware about environmental pollutants we realize that the conventional water purification method of adding chlorine and other chemicals to our water has some serious shortcomings.

Case in point, the Ralph Nader Research Institute reports that, "U.S. drinking water contains more than 2,100 toxic chemicals that can cause cancer." This information serves to illustrate the importance of knowing what is in our drinking water.

Chlorine has been the first choice as a water purifier because of its affordability and ready availability. And it does the job of purifying water. But along with removing impurities it also removes vital elements, such as Vitamin E and other indispensable fatty acids that are vital to our health.

If you have chlorinated water in your home you can probably attest to how dry your skin feels after bathing or showering. This is because chlorine strips the oils from your skin, leaving it dry and susceptible to premature aging.

Furthermore, as a water purifier, chlorine has been found to be ineffective in killing certain microorganisms, such as cryptosporidium and giardia.

Even more alarming is the fact that when the metal pipes in most home plumbing come in contact with chlorine, heavy metals can leech into the water that runs through the pipes.

The health effects of heavy metals on infants, children and pregnant women have become the focus of concern and research by the EPA and other governmental agencies. These studies are looking at high levels of lead and copper in drinking water and the potential adverse effects they can cause.

And lastly, chlorine has also been linked to asthma and other respiratory ailments.

It is evident that water purification is becoming an indispensable feature of every home. So it isn't surprising that some concerned consumers have turned to alternative water purifiers. One popular system that you're probably familiar with is reverse osmosis.

This water purification system does provide a clean, pleasant-tasting water. But, unfortunately, it strips out naturally-occurring minerals like potassium, magnesium and calcium, which are necessary for the body to work well and stay healthy. While this water is "pure," it contains little, if any, of the intended health benefits of drinking water.

Despite all this, the good news is that we are becoming smarter about acquiring clean, healthy drinking water. More and more consumers are educating themselves about water purifiers and are finding that they are very affordable, simple to install and easy to change and maintain.

And because these consumers are concerned with the health and well being of their families, they are taking the time to research and compare the benefits and drawbacks of various water purification systems.

If you decide to look into getting a water purifier, just keep in mind that no water purification method is 100% reliable and certain. That being said, however, some systems are better than others.

If you're not sure which water purifier is best for the needs of you and your family, just look for one that uses a multi-stage filtration. This will help protect against chlorine, lead and VOCs (volatile organic chemicals).

Doing your research will going a long way toward providing for the health and well-being of your family. Especially when you end up with the best water purifier you can get.

So take some time to compare water purification systems. You will find, like I did, that there are lots of second-rate products, some really good ones, and a small handful that blow the rest out of the water. (Sorry...I couldn't resist.)

We all use metal tools occasionally in our household works. And at the same time it is very common that they get rust when they are kept unused for a brief period. What happens next, you get annoyed with it and get out for some other less important jobs. And if you badly need that tool, you would have to clean them up.

It is not easy to keep those tools rust free and if you live in a moist area, it may seem almost impossible. And rust does not get you away from the job alone; it also harms longevity of your tools.

So, how to remove rust from metal tools?

People have different opinions and tips in this matter to share with you. Here are some ways that you may employ to make your metal tools rust free.

Properly clean up and dry all the tolls after every use. You should also apply some wax (butcher's wax) after certain period depending on your use of the tool and moisture of the location where they are kept, to keep them rust free. Do not even think about keeping the metal portion of the tool on the wet or moist ground. If you have no other option, cover the metal part properly with plastic wrapper so that it does not come in direct and constant contact with moist ground.

If the metal tool gets rust and you need to clean them up for use, sand it well and after the use, clean and wax it properly.

You can also create a mixture of motor oil and sand. When you have finished using the tool, simply shove them into the mixture. It would not simply clean the tools; you would also get an oil coating over it. In fact, this mixture also works to sharpen the tool a little bit. But, if you use a tool with mixed elements like metal and plastic or metal and rubber, it is better not to use this method. Sand can harm the longevity of elements like rubber or plastic. This process is perfect for simple tools like shovel or axe. And it is better to avoid using this process to clean up complex tools.

You can also try using lemon juice and Morton's salt to clean rust from a metal body. But you would need to rub the metal clean - sometimes it is too tough and hazardous to clean something in this way where you would need to depend on your rubbing strength a lot. To rub the metal body, you may use a piece of cotton, scrubber or metal wire wool (be careful while using wools).

If you are not happy with these home made solutions, you can find some rust remover for metal tools and other metal items. These often work wonders if you can find the right cleaner for the right metal. You can follow the recommendations provided in the container or user manual to find out if that rust remover is the perfect one for you or not.

If you are not sure about it or if you want to clean mixed tools (rubber, plastic, metal etc), try using non-toxic or organic rust cleaners as they will not harm the soft portions. At the same time these organic cleaners are also harmless for your health. There are some really good organic rust cleaners in the market that cleans the rust very well but does not harm the color of the metal body. To add to this, you do not need to scrub or wipe the metal body after cleaning.

Seems fun? Check out your local shop or search internet for organic rust removers.

With symbol K (from Latin kalium, "alkali") and atomic number 19, Potassium is a chemically reactive and extremely soft metallic elements placed in group 1 of the periodic table. The element's name comes from the English word potash, a potassium compound originally obtained by soaking wood ash in a pot of water and allowing the water to evaporate. Most potassium occurs in the Earth's crust as minerals, such as feldspars and clays. Potassium is leached from these by weathering, which explains why there is quite a lot of this element in the sea (0.75 g/liter). Minerals mined for their potassium are pinkish and sylvite, carnallite and alunite. The main mining area used to be Germany, which had a monopoly of potassium before the First World War. Today most potassium minerals come from Canada, USA and Chile. The world production of potassium ores is about 50 million tonnes, and reserves are vast.

 

The metal is silvery white and can be cut with a knife but oxidizes rapidly in air and tarnishes within minutes, so it is generally stored under oil or grease. It is light enough to float onto water with which it reacts instantly to release hydrogen that burns with a lilac flame. Potassium exists in three natural isotopic forms, with mass numbers 39, 40, and 41. Potassium-40 is radioactive and has a half-life of 1.26 billion years. The most abundant isotope is potassium-39. Several radioactive isotopes have been artificially prepared. Potassium melts at about 63°C (about 145°F), boils at about 760°C (about 1400°F), and has a specific gravity of 0.86; the atomic weight of potassium is 39.098.The chemistry of potassium is almost entirely that of its ion, K+.

 

Potassium metal is prepared by the electrolysis of fused potassium hydroxide or of a mixture of potassium chloride and potassium fluoride. The metal oxidizes as soon as it is exposed to air and reacts violently with water, yielding potassium hydroxide and hydrogen gas. Potassium is found in nature in large quantities, ranking eighth in order of abundance of the elements in Earth's crust, in various minerals. Potassium is a constituent of all plant and animal tissue as well as a vital constituent of fertile soil.

Potassium forms many compounds resembling corresponding sodium compounds, based on a valence of 1. A few of the element's most important compounds are: Potassium bromide (KBr), a white solid formed by the reaction of potassium hydroxide and bromine; Potassium chromate (K2CrO4), a yellow crystalline solid, and potassium bichromate, or potassium dichromate (K2Cr2O7), a red crystalline solid, are powerful oxidizing agents used for many industrial purposes; Potassium iodide (KI), a white crystalline compound that is very soluble in water, is used in photography for preparing gelatin emulsions and in medicine for the treatment of rheumatism and over activity of the thyroid gland; Potassium nitrate (KNO3), a white solid prepared by fractional crystallization of sodium nitrate and potassium chloride solutions, is used in matches,  destructive materials, and fireworks, and in pickling meat(It occurs naturally as saltpeter); Potassium permanganate (KMnO4), a purple crystalline solid, is used as a disinfectant and germicide and as an oxidizing agent in many important chemical reactions; Potassium sulfate (K2SO4), a white crystalline solid, is an important potassium fertilizer and is also used in the preparation of potassium alum; and Potassium hydrogen tartrate (KHC4H4O6), commonly known as cream of tartar is a white solid used in baking powder and in medicine.

 

Most potassium goes into fertilizers (about 95 %) and the rest goes mainly into making potassium hydroxide (KOH), by the electrolysis of potassium chloride solution, and then converting this to potassium carbonate (K2CO3) which goes into glass manufacture, especially the glass used to make televisions. Potassium hydroxide is used to make liquid soaps and detergents. A little potassium chloride goes into pharmaceuticals, medical drips and saline injections. Other potassium salts are used in baking, photography and tanning leather, and to make iodize salts. In all cases it is the negative anion, not the potassium, which is the key to their use.

The term potash originally designated potassium carbonate, obtained by leaching wood ashes, but is now applied in general to a number of potassium compounds. Potassium carbonate (K2CO3), a white solid, also called potash or pearl ash, is obtained from the ash of wood or other burned plant materials, and by reacting potassium hydroxide with carbon dioxide. It is used in making glass and soft soap. Potassium chlorate (KClO3), called chlorate of potash, a white crystalline compound, is formed by the electrolysis of potassium chloride solution. It is a powerful oxidizing agent and is used in matches, fireworks, and explosives, as a disinfectant, and as a source of oxygen. Potassium chloride (KCl), a white crystalline compound commonly called chloride of potash or muriate of potash, is a common constituent of potassium salt minerals, from which it is obtained by volatilization. It is an important potassium fertilizer and is also used in making other potassium compounds. Potassium hydroxide (KOH), called caustic potash, a white solid that is dissolved by the moisture in the air, is prepared by the electrolysis of potassium chloride or by the reaction of potassium carbonate and calcium hydroxide; it is used in the manufacture of soap and is an important chemical reagent. It dissolves in less than its own weight of water, liberating heat and forming a strongly alkaline solution.

 

Potassium is a key plant element. Although it is soluble in water, little is lost from undisturbed soils because as it is released from dead plants and animal excrements, it quickly become strongly bound to clay particles, and it is retained ready to be readsorbed by the roots of other plants. Together with nitrogen and phosphorous, potassium is one of the essential macro minerals for plant survival.  Its presence is of great importance for soil health, plant growth and animal nutrition. Its primary function in the plant is its role in the maintenance of osmotic pressure and cell size, thereby influencing photosynthesis and energy production as well as stomatal opening and carbon dioxide supply, plant and translocation of nutrients. As such, the element is required in relatively large proportions by the growing plant. The consequences of low potassium levels are apparent in a variety of symptoms: restricted growth, reduced flowering, lower yields and lower quality produce. High water soluble levels of potassium cause damage to germinating seedlings inhibits the uptake of other minerals and reduces the quality of the crop.

 

Potassium can be found in vegetables, fruit, potatoes, meat, bread, milk and nuts. It plays an important role in the physical fluid system of humans and assists nerve functions. Potassium, as the ion K+, concentrate inside cells, and 95% of the body's potassium is so located. When our kidneys are somehow malfunctioning an accumulation of potassium will consist. This can lead to disturbing heartbeats. Potassium can affect us when breathed in. Inhalation of dust or mists can irritate the eyes, nose, and throat, lungs with sneezing, coughing and sore throat. Higher exposures may cause a build up of fluid in the lungs, this can cause death. Skin and eye contact can cause severe burns leading to permanent damage.

This health claim is intentionally left as vague as possible. It implies that the tea has the ability to remove toxins from the human body but provides no details on the type of toxins involved, nor how the detox effect is achieved.

We are also told that the tea "gently rebalances", leaving it as a complete mystery as to what bodily system is rebalanced. Can a simple cup of tea really "rebalance" something so complicated as the human body? What does "rebalance" actually mean?

Toxins can be grouped into three types, bacterial/viral (such as the common cold and pneumonia), chemical (such as dioxins or pesticide residues) and heavy metal (lead, mercury etc) contamination.

The question then is, can drinking tea remove any or all of these toxins from the human body?

I searched for evidence that the compounds in tea can remove heavy metals or harmful chemicals from the human body, but found no long term study that demonstrated this. in fact, there are worries that, rather than removing heavy metals, some herbal teas may contain these poisons.

There is some evidence that certain teas may have a limited antibacterial effect and also may be a source of antioxidant compounds, but this seems to depend on the variety of the tea plant. However, the tea companies do not tell us if this is the "detox" property they promise.

Perhaps the best summing up of the current state of our understanding of the possible health benefits of tea is that provided by the Mayo Clinic.

"While numerous studies have found possible benefits, the actual benefits of drinking tea are not certain. Most research about tea's benefits is based on population (epidemiological) studies. Findings are limited because factors other than tea consumption could influence the results. Here's some of what's known about tea's potential benefits:

Cardiovascular: It's still uncertain if drinking tea over long periods might positively affect cholesterol levels, blood pressure and atherosclerosis. There's some early evidence that regularly drinking green tea may reduce heart attack risk or atherosclerosis. There's conflicting evidence on black tea consumption and heart attack risk reduction.

Cancer: It's still unknown whether regular black tea consumption influences cancer rates. Early lab tests with white tea indicate it may protect against colon cancer in particular. So far, well-designed studies haven't proven this.

Bone and joint health: Early laboratory research indicates green tea could be beneficial in reducing inflammation related to arthritis and slowing cartilage breakdown. Some early data indicate that regular tea consumption might improve bone mineral density in older women.

Memory: Studies are limited, but a recent one found that older adults in Japan who drank green tea daily showed less risk of memory difficulty, compared with those who didn't drink tea regularly."

So it seems that drinking tea may well have health benefits, but not in the way promised by the tea companies when they refer to "toxins" and "rebalance". Further trials are needed to confirm these potential benefits

We do know for certain however, that our bodies remove toxins using the liver, kidneys, skin, intestines and lungs and these that organs are perfectly capable of removing and excreting most toxins quickly and efficiently, without the need to consume "detox tea".

The claim that the detox tea "gently rebalances" is meaningless and impossible to investigate unless we are given more information on what specifically, is being rebalanced. There are many different factors involved in regulating the chemical balance of the human body. It is very unlikely that one cup of tea could alter or influence all of these factors.

The reason the claims are so vague is that the companies cannot take the risk of making a specific claim because then their claim can be tested, and most likely found to be false.

On the website of the Food Safety Authority of Ireland it states:

"Recently, a new European Regulation (Regulation (EC) No 1924/2006) on nutrition and health claims made on foods marketed within the European Union, was introduced into law. The Regulation also covers claims made on food supplements, foods for particular nutritional uses (PARNUTS), natural mineral waters and water intended for human consumption.

This Regulation is wide in scope and will cover the use of all wording and symbols which imply that a food provides a particular nutritional or health benefit. It also applies to nutrition and health claims made in commercial communications whether in the labelling, presentation or advertising of foods to be delivered to the final consumer.

Over the past number of years, there has been a substantial increase in the number and type of nutrition and health claims appearing on food labels within the EU.

The main aim of this new Regulation is to allow consumers to make informed food choices, by ensuring that they receive accurate information and are not misled. Claims made on foods must be clear and understandable by the average consumer. Claims that exaggerate a food's expected health benefits and/or are not adequately substantiated by scientific evidence will no longer be permitted."


You can judge for yourself if "Detox Teas" comply with the spirit of this regulation.

Cadmium is a lustrous, silvery-white, ductile, very malleable metal. Its surface has a bluish tinge and the metal is soft enough to be cut with a knife, but it tarnishes in air. It is soluble in acids but not in alkalis. It is similar in many respects to zinc but it forms more complex compounds. About three-fourths of cadmium is used in Ni-Cd batteries, most of the remaining one-fourth is used mainly for pigments, coatings and plating, and as stabilizers for plastics. Cadmium has been used particularly to electroplate steel where a film of cadmium only 0.05 mm thick will provide complete protection against the sea. Cadmium has the ability to absorb neutrons, so it is used as a barrier to control nuclear fission.

Cadmium can mainly be found in the earth's crust. It always occurs in combination with some offensive metals and consists in the industries as their inevitable by-products. After being applied it enters the environment mainly through the ground, because it is found in manures and pesticides. Naturally a very large amount of cadmium is released into the environment. About half of this cadmium is released into rivers through weathering of rocks and some cadmium is released into air through forest fires and volcanoes. The rest of the cadmium is released through human activities, such as manufacturing. No cadmium ore is mined for the metal, because more than enough is produced as a byproduct of the smelting of zinc from its ore, sphalerite (ZnS), in which CdS is a significant impurity, making up as much as 3%. Consequently, the main mining areas are those associated with zinc.  

Cadmium waste streams from the industries mainly end up in soils. The causes of these waste streams are for instance zinc production, phosphate ore implication and bio industrial manure. Cadmium waste streams may also enter the air through (household) waste combustion and burning of fossil fuels. Because of regulations only little cadmium now enters the water through disposal of wastewater from households or industries.
Another important source of cadmium emission is the production of artificial phosphate fertilizers. Part of the cadmium ends up in the soil after the fertilizer is applied on farmland and the rest of the cadmium ends up in surface waters when waste from fertilizer productions is dumped by production companies. Cadmium can be transported over great distances when it is absorbed by sludge. This cadmium-rich sludge can pollute surface waters as well as soils.

Cadmium is strongly adsorbed to organic matter in soils. When cadmium is present in soils it can be extremely dangerous, as the uptake through food will increase. Soils that are acidified enhance the cadmium uptake by plants. This is a potential danger to the animals that are dependent upon the plants for survival. Cadmium can accumulate in their bodies, especially when they eat multiple plants. Cows may have large amounts of cadmium in their kidneys due to this. Earthworms and other essential soil organisms are extremely susceptive to cadmium poisoning. They can die at very low concentrations and this has consequences for the soil structure. When cadmium concentrations in soils are high they can influence soil processes of microorganisms and threat the whole soil ecosystem. In aquatic ecosystems cadmium can bio accumulate in mussels, oysters, shrimps, lobsters and fish. The susceptibility to cadmium can vary greatly between aquatic organisms. Salt-water organisms are known to be more resistant to cadmium poisoning than freshwater organisms. Animals eating or drinking cadmium sometimes get high blood-pressures, liver disease and nerve or brain damage.

 

Human uptake of cadmium takes place mainly through food. Foodstuffs that are rich in cadmium can greatly increase the cadmium concentration in human bodies. Examples are liver, mushrooms, shellfish, mussels, cocoa powder and dried seaweed. An exposure to significantly higher cadmium levels occurs when people smoke. Tobacco smoke transports cadmium into the lungs. Blood will transport it through the rest of the body where it can increase effects by potentiating cadmium that is already present from cadmium-rich food. Other high exposures can occur with people who live near hazardous waste sites or factories that release cadmium into the air and people that work in the metal refinery industry. When people breathe in cadmium it can severely damage the lungs. This may even cause death.

Cadmium is first transported to the liver through the blood. There, it is bond to proteins to form complexes that are transported to the kidneys. Cadmium accumulates in kidneys, where it damages filtering mechanisms. This causes the excretion of essential proteins and sugars from the body and further kidney damage. It takes a very long time before cadmium that has accumulated in kidneys is excreted from a human body. Other health effects that can be caused by cadmium are: diarrhoea, stomach pains and severe vomiting, bone fracture, reproductive failure and possibly even infertility, damage to the central nervous system, damage to the immune system, psychological disorders, and - Possibly DNA damage or cancer development.

 

Boron is a non metallic element and the only non-metal of the group 13 of the periodic table of the elements. It is electron-deficient, possessing a vacant p-orbital. It has several forms, the most common of which is amorphous boron, a dark powder, unreactive to oxygen, water, acids and alkalis. It reacts with metals to form borides. At standard temperatures boron is a poor electrical conductor but becomes a good conductor at high temperatures. The most economically important compound of boron is sodium tetraborate decahydrate Na2B4O7 · 10H2O, or borax, used for insulating fiberglass and sodium perborate bleach. Boric acid is an important compound used in textile products. Compounds of boron are used in organic synthesis, in the manufacture of a particular type of glasses, and as wood preservatives. Boron filaments are used for advanced aerospace structures, due to their high-strength and light weight. An early use of borax was to make perborate, the beaching agent once widely used in household detergents. Boron compound also came into the average home in the guise of food preservatives, especially for margarine and fish.

 Boron is not present in nature in elemental form. It is found combined in borax, boric acid, kernite, ulexite, colemanite and borates. Volcanic spring waters sometime contain boric acids. Boron is an element that occurs in the environment mainly through natural processes. Seawater contains approximately 4-5 ppm of this element. River water generally contains only 10 ppb. In seaweed 8-15 ppm and in mussels 4-5 ppm (dry mass) of boron was found. Boron dissolved in water occurs as B(OH)3 (aq) or B(OH)4- (aq). Under normal circumstances boron does not react with water. However, some boron compounds may do so. For example, the boron trifluoride ethyl ether complex reacts with water, forming diethyl ether- BF3, and releasing some highly flammable gases. A number of boron compounds, such as boron tri iodide, are hydrolysed in water. Boron salts are generally well water soluble. Boric acid has a water solubility of 57 g/L, borax of 25.2 g/L, and boron trioxide of 22 g/L. Boron trifluoride is the least water soluble boron compound, with a water solubility of 2.4 g/L. Some boron compounds, such as boron nitrite are completely water insoluble.


The most abundant minerals containing boron are kernite, borax, ulexite and colemanite. It can also be found in slate and in loam rich rock formations. Air-tight soil contains boron concentrations of between 5 and 80 ppm. Boron rich places, such as fumaroles, contain boric acid, borates and boron minerals. The degree of binding to clay minerals is mainly pH-dependent. Boron is released from rocks and soils through weathering, and subsequently ends up in water. In industry the pure element is rarely used, except for metal boride production, or to improve aluminum conductivity. Metal borides are processed to for instance turbines, rocket power, containers for high-temperature reactions, and electrodes. The hardness of steel is enhanced by adding boron.

Sodium perborate is applied as bleach in detergents. This eventually forms borate, which directly damages water plants. Borates are applied as water softeners. Other boron compounds are applied in glass, glass fibre, ceramic and email production. Glass is more solid and heat resistant when boron is added, and glass fibres are applied as insulation. Boron compounds may also be found in cleansing agents, batteries, illegal preservatives, and eye drops. The most important compounds in this respect are borax, boron oxide and boric acid. Boric acid and borax are added to fertilizers and pesticides in large amounts. The element is also present in impregnation and wood preservatives. It is applied as an abrasive as boron carbide and boron nitrite. Boron has a special function in a polymer matrix. It is applied to regulate nuclear reactors as a cooling agent in dangerous situations. It also absorbs neutrons in the reactor core. Boron often ends up in soil and groundwater through domestic landfills, when these are inadequately sealed. It serves as a typical indicator compound that indicates the presence of other hazardous substances.

It occurs naturally in the environment due to the release into air, soil and water through weathering. It may also occur in groundwater in very small amounts. Humans add boron by manufacturing glass, combusting coal, melting copper and through the addition of agricultural fertilizers. The concentrations of boron that are added by humans are smaller that the naturally added concentrations through natural weathering. Boron exposure through air and drinking water is not very likely to occur, but the risk of exposure to borate dust in the workplace does exist. Boron exposure may also occur from consumer products such as cosmetics and laundry products. Plants absorb boron from the ground and through plant-consuming animals it can end up in food chains. Boron has been found in animal tissue, but it is not likely to accumulate. When animals absorb large amounts of boron over a relatively long period of time through food or water the male reproductive organs will be affected. When animals are exposed to boron during pregnancy their offspring may suffer from birth defects or delayed development. Furthermore, animals are likely to suffer from nose irritation when they breathe in boron.

Boron is a dietary requirement for a number of organisms, and it plays an important role in mitosis. This applies to green algae, and some higher plant species. Boron deficiencies cause growth problems and difficulties in sugar mobilization. The boron compound that is absorbed most is boric acid. Plants contain 30-75 ppm of boron (dry mass). The toxic mechanism starts at concentrations exceeding 100 ppm. This may decrease crop yield. Grass species tolerate relatively high boron concentrations, but pine species are particularly susceptible. However, trees do require large amounts of boron compared to other plant species. A tolerable boron concentration in soils is approximately 25 ppm. High boron concentrations in water may be toxic to fish species, regarding concentrations of 10-300 mg/L. For water plants mainly borate is hazardous. Boron is not a dietary requirement for vertebrates. Boric acid is mildly water hazardous, but boron halogens are strongly water hazardous. Boron is averagely mobile and is transformed slowly. It may therefore spread rapidly through water. Boron consists of two stable and fourteen instable isotopes.

Humans can be exposed to boron through fruit and vegetables, water, air and consumer products. We have a regular daily intake of about 2 mg and about 18 mg in out body in total. When humans consume large amounts of boron-containing food, the boron concentrations in their bodies may rise to levels that can cause health problems. Boron can infect the stomach, liver, kidneys and brains and can eventually lead to death. When exposure to small amounts of boron takes place irritation of the nose, throat or eyes may occur. It takes 5 g of boric acid to make a person ill and 20 grams or more to put its life in danger. Eating fish or meat will not increase the boron concentrations in our bodies, as boron does not accumulate within the tissues of animals. The human body contains approximately 0.7 ppm of boron, an element that is not considered a dietary requirement. Still, we absorb this element from food stuffs, because it is a dietary requirement for plants. Daily intake is approximately 2 mg. The amount of boron present in fruits and vegetables is below the toxicity boundary.
At a daily intake of over 5 g of boric acid the human body is clearly negatively influenced, causing nausea, vomiting, diarrhoea and blood clotting. Amounts over 20 g are life threatening. Boric acid irritates the skin and eyes. Skin contact with boron trifluoride may cause corrosion. A possible correlation exists between the amount of boron in soils and drinking water, and the occurrence of arthritis among people. Both boric acid and borax are applied in medicine in certain amounts. Neutron absorbing characteristics of boron are applied in brain tumour treatment (boron neutron capture therapy).   

Sodium (symbol Na, atomic number 11, and atomic weight 22,9898) is a chemical a soft metal, reactive and with a low melting point, and a relative density of 0,97 at 20ºC (68ºF). The element's name comes from the English word soda, which is sometimes used to describe various sodium compounds. From the commercial point of view, sodium is the most important of all the alkaline metals. Sodium reacts quickly with water, and also with snow and ice, to produce sodium hydroxide and hydrogen. When recently cut metallic sodium is exposed to air, it loses its silvery appearance and acquires an opaque grey colour due to the formation of a sodium oxide coating. While sodium can react with ammonia to form sodium amide, it does react with halogens. Sodium and hydrogen react above 200ºC (390ºF) to form sodium hydride.

Sodium also reacts with various metallic halides to generate the metal and sodium chloride. Sodium doesn't react with paraffinic hydrocarbons, but it forms addition compounds with naphthalene and other aromatic polycyclic compounds and with aryl alkenes. The reaction of sodium with alcohols is similar to the reaction of sodium with water, but slower. There are two general reactions with organic halides. One of them requires the condensation of two organic compounds, which form halogens when those are eliminated. The second type of reaction includes the replacement of halogen by sodium, to obtain a sodium organic compound. Sodium is found in nature only in the combined state. It occurs in the ocean and in salt lakes as sodium chloride, NaCl, and less often as sodium carbonate, Na2CO3, and sodium sulfate, Na2SO4. Sodium is prepared commercially by the electrolytic decomposition of fused sodium chloride. Sodium ranks seventh in order of abundance of the elements in Earth's crust. It is a necessary constituent of plant and animal tissue.

Sodium is prepared commercially by the electrolytic decomposition of fused sodium chloride. It is a necessary constituent of plant and animal tissue. Sodium in its metallic form is very important in making esters and in the manufacture of organic compounds. Sodium is also a component of table salt, sodium chloride (NaCl) a very important compound found everywhere in the living environment. Its other uses are: to improve the structure of certain alloys; in soap, in combination with fatty acids, in sodium vapor lamps, to descale metals, to purify molten metals. Solid sodium carbonate is needed to make glass. The element is used in the manufacture of tetraethyl lead and as a cooling agent in nuclear reactors. Other important compounds of sodium include sodium carbonate, known as washing soda, and sodium bicarbonate, known as baking soda. Sodium hydroxide, known commercially as soda lye or caustic soda, is used in the manufacture of many important articles of immense importance. Sodium fluoride, NaF, is used as an antiseptic, as a poison for mice and roaches, and in ceramics. Sodium nitrate, known as Chile saltpeter, is used as a fertilizer. Sodium peroxide, Na2O2, is an important bleaching and oxidizing agent. Sodium thiosulfate, Na2S2O3 · 5H2O, known as hypo, is used in photography as a fixing agent.

Sodium is the most abundant element in the Earth's crust and is found in nature only in the combined state ranking sixth or seventh in order of abundance of the elements and containing 2,83% of sodium in all its forms. It occurs in the ocean and in salt lakes as sodium chloride, NaCl, and less often as sodium carbonate, Na2CO3, and sodium sulfate, Na2SO4. Sodium is the second most abundant element after chlorine (as chloride ions) dissolved in seawater. The most important sodium salts found in nature are sodium chloride (halite or rock salt), sodium carbonate (trona or soda), sodium borate (borax), sodium nitrate and sodium sulfate. Sodium salts are found in seawater (1.05%), salty lakes, alkaline lakes and  springs. A huge amount of this salt is extracted mainly from salt deposits by pumping water down bore holes to dissolve it and pumping up brine. The sun and many other stars shine with visible light in which the yellow component dominates and this is given out by sodium atoms in a high-energy state. Sodium's powdered form is highly explosive in water and a poison combined and uncombined with many other elements. This chemical is not mobile in solid form, although it absorbs moisture very easily.

Sodium salts are important ingredients of many foodstuffs (for instance common salt) as besides imparting salty taste, it is necessary for humans to maintain the balance of the physical fluids system. Sodium is also required for nerve and muscle functioning. However, too much sodium can damage our kidneys and increases the chances of high blood pressure. The amount of sodium a person consumes each day varies from individual to individual and from culture to culture. Some people get as little as 2 g/day, some as much as 20 grams. Sodium is essential, but controversially surrounds the amount required. Contact of sodium with water, including perspiration causes the formation of sodium hydroxide fumes, which are highly irritating to skin, eyes, nose and throat. This may cause sneezing and coughing. Very severe exposures may result in difficult breathing, coughing and chemical bronchitis. Contact to the skin may cause itching, tingling, thermal and caustic burns and permanent damage. Its contact with eyes may result in permanent damage and loss of sight.

 

 

 

 

Hydrogen, the first element in the periodic table, is a colorless, odorless and insipid gas, formed by its diatomic molecules, in normal conditions. The hydrogen atom is formed by a nucleus with one unit of positive charge and one electron. It's one of the main compounds of water and of all organic matter, and it's widely spread not only in the Earth but also in the entire Universe. There are three hydrogen isotopes: protium, mass 1, found in more than 99,985% of the natural element; deuterium, mass 2, found in nature in 0.015% approximately, and tritium, mass 3, which appears in small quantities in nature, but can be artificially produced by various nuclear reactions.  

 

Hydrogen forms 0.15 % of the earth's crust and it is the major constituent of water. 0.5 ppm of hydrogen H2 and variable proportions as water vapor are present in the atmosphere. Hydrogen is also a major component of biomass, constituting the 14% by weight. Hydrogen occurs naturally in the atmosphere. The gas will be dissipated rapidly in well-ventilated areas. Any Effect of hydrogen on plants or animals would be related to oxygen deficient environments. No adverse effect is anticipated to occur to plant life, except for frost produced in the presence of rapidly expanding gases. No evidence is currently available on the effect of hydrogen on aquatic life.

 

Hydrogen is the most flammable of all the known substances. It is slightly more soluble in organic solvents than in water. Many metals absorb hydrogen. Hydrogen absorption by steel can result in brittle steel, which leads to faults in the chemical process equipments. At normal temperature hydrogen is a not very reactive substance, unless it has been activated somehow; for instance, by an appropriate catalyser. At high temperatures it's highly reactive. Although in general it's diatomic, molecular hydrogen dissociates into free atoms at high temperatures. Atomic hydrogen is a powerful reductive agent, even at ambient temperature. It reacts with the oxides and chlorides of many metals to produce free metals. It reduces some salts to their metallic state and reacts with a number of elements, both metals and non-metals to produce their hydrides. Atomic hydrogen  reacts with organic compounds to form a complex mixture of products. The heat released when the hydrogen atoms recombine to form the hydrogen molecules is used to obtain high temperatures in atomic hydrogen welding.  

 

The most important use of hydrogen is the synthesis of ammonia. The use of hydrogen is extending quickly in fuel refinement, like the breaking down by hydrogen (hydrocracking), and in sulphur elimination. Huge quantities of hydrogen are consumed in the catalytic hydrogenation of unsaturated vegetable oils to obtain solid fat. Hydrogenation is used in the manufacture of organic chemical products. Huge quantities of hydrogen are used as rocket fuels, in combination with oxygen or flour, and as a rocket propellant propelled by nuclear energy. Hydrogen can be burned in internal combustion engines. Hydrogen fuel cells are being looked into as a way to provide power and research is being conducted on hydrogen as a possible major future fuel. For instance it can be converted to and from electricity from bio-fuels, from and into natural gas and diesel fuel, theoretically with no emissions of either CO2 or toxic chemicals.

 

As hydrogen is extremely flammable, its many reactions may cause fire or explosion. As the gas mixes well with air, explosive mixtures are easily formed. Moreover the gas is lighter than air. The gas can be absorbed into the body by inhalation and high concentrations can cause an oxygen-deficient environment. Individuals breathing such an atmosphere may experience symptoms which include headaches, ringing in ears, dizziness, drowsiness, unconsciousness, nausea, vomiting and depression of all the senses. The skin of a victim may have a blue color. Under some circumstances, death may occur. Hydrogen is not expected to cause mutagenicity, embryotoxicity, teratogenicity or reproductive toxicity. Pre-existing respiratory conditions may be aggravated by overexposure to hydrogen. When inhaled a harmful concentration of this gas in the air will be reached very quickly.

Heating may cause violent combustion or explosion as the gas reacts violently with air, oxygen, halogens and strong oxidants causing fire and explosion hazard. Metal catalysts greatly enhance these reactions. High concentrations in the air cause a deficiency of oxygen with the risk of unconsciousness or death. We must check oxygen content before entering a suspected area as there is no odor warning if toxic concentrations are present. We may measure hydrogen concentrations with suitable gas detector (a normal flammable gas detector is not suited for the purpose). In case of inhalation problem we should shut off its supply. In case it not possible and there seems no risk to surroundings, let the fire burn itself out; in other cases extinguish with water spray, powder, carbon dioxide. In case of fire we should keep its cylinder cool by spraying with water. One must combat fire from a sheltered position and rush for medical aid and advice in case of all inhalation and contact cases.


Deuterium

Deuterium is the stable, nonradioactive isotope of hydrogen, commonly called heavy hydrogen because its atomic weight is approximately doubles that of ordinary hydrogen, but it has identical chemical properties. Deuterium has about twice the atomic weight of normal hydrogen because its nucleus contains a proton and a neutron, instead of just a proton. Hydrogen as it occurs in nature contains approximately 0.02 percent of deuterium that was the first isotope to be separated in a pure form from an element. Several methods have been used to separate the isotope from natural hydrogen. The two processes that have been most successful have been fractional distillation of water and a catalytic exchange process between hydrogen and water. In the latter system, when water and hydrogen are brought together in the presence of a suitable catalyst, about three times as much deuterium appears in the water as in hydrogen. Deuterium has also been concentrated by electrolysis, centrifuging, and fractional distillation of liquid hydrogen. The nuclei of deuterium atoms, called deuterons, are much used in research in physics because they can be readily accelerated by cyclotrons and similar machines and used as "atomic bullets" to transform an atom of one element into another element. Deuterium also has important uses in biological research as a tracer element for studying problems of metabolism.

Regular hydrogen and deuterium are not normally metallic, meaning they are not shiny or malleable. Scientists have used pressure and heat, however, to force deuterium to act like a metal, making it shinier and easier to compress. Studying deuterium in compressed and highly hot conditions can help scientists understand how hydrogen behaves in the hot, heavily pressurized interiors of planets and in the interiors of stars. The use of heavy water as a moderator in atomic piles has been suggested and Deuterium, either in deuterium oxide or in lithium deuteride, and tritium are essential components of nuclear fusion weapons, or hydrogen bombs.

 

Tritium

Tritium is the radioactive hydrogen isotope of atomic mass 3 and symbol 1H3 or T. The nucleus of a tritium atom consists of a proton and two neutrons. It undergoes decay by beta emission to give a helium nucleus of mass 3; it has a half-life of 12.26 years. Tritium is produced in a number of ways, including the bombardment of deuterium compounds with high-energy deuterons and by the absorption of neutrons by the lithium isotope of mass 6. Some tritium is produced in the upper levels of the atmosphere by the bombardment of nitrogen with energetic neutrons produced by cosmic rays; rainwater is usually found to contain minute amounts of tritium. The enormous amount of energy released when tritons react with deuterons in the so-called nuclear-fusion process makes tritium an important constituent of hydrogen bombs. Tritium is also used as a tracer in chemical and biochemical research.

Chelation refers to a substance that is used to eliminate matters such as metals & minerals from the body. It contains these molecules all together strongly to ease their sending out from the body. It eliminates poisonous metals from the body earlier than any injury is done to your body. It is widely used in the case of poisoning. The general form of chelating agent is EDTA. It is an artificial amino acid. EDTA eliminates metals & minerals from the body. These minerals comprise iron, calcium & copper.

This chelating agent is accepted by the Food & drug Organization in United States of America. It is medically approved healing for heavy metal poisoning as well as lead. Moreover, it is used for the treatment of atherosclerosis, though the FDA hasn't accepted it. Although as a substitute pills, chelation assists recovery of blood pressure & eliminates the plaques produced in the blood capillaries. It has the capability to break up the metals. There is a broad application of chelation. In addition, it is used in water softeners & chemical analysis. It is widely used as a component in preservatives & shampoos. Water management plans, such as boiler water treatment & steam engineering use chelators as a refining agent.

Some physical conditions in which chelation are helpful are coronary artery disease, circulatory disorder, angina & gangrene. But this action needs some remedial tests also. These experiments comprise of cholesterol test, blood pressure test, sugar test & kidney function test. These tests are done to make sure protection of the patients. In this healing, intravenous injections are helpful. The injection holds EDTA. It is injected 3 times within 7 days. One session of injection is 3 hrs lengthy & at least 30 sessions are essential for the preferred end result.

The probability of bad effects in the chelation healings is not very high. In addition, it depends on the amount of the chelating agent. The inoculation of this medicine gives a blazing effect on the body. A number of bad effects possible to take place comprise fever, headache, nausea, stomach upset, low blood pressure & vomiting. However, this therapy is possibly unsafe if it is not ended properly. That is why, protection concerns & risk implicated in the chelation action has made it divisive. A number of people elevated alarm against the chelating agents but there is no definite information verifying the risk of chelation therapy has been originate. At present, the numbers of patients admitting in hospitals for chelation therapy are vast in European countries & America also.

Colloidal trace minerals are just as important to our health and well being as vitamins. Practically since birth we have had it pounded into us that we must eat our vitamins if we are to be healthy. The fact is that vitamins are of little use to you without minerals which are as essential for your metabolism as any vitamin is.

The essential minerals are the inorganic equivalents of the essential organic vitamins. They work together to maintain the biochemistry that keeps you alive. Take calcium, for example. That is a mineral needed for healthy teeth and bones, among many other things, but it is no good without vitamin D. Magnesium and potassium are also needed for healthy bones. Take blood clotting: vitamin K is the blood clotting vitamin, but blood will not clot without calcium.

How is energy generated in your body from the carbohydrates and sugars that you eat? They are converted to glucose that is converted to energy in every cell in your body and used in-situ. Your heart gets the energy to beat from cells in the heart - energy does not float around the blood waiting to be used. It is generated by means of the production of a substance known as ATP - adenosine triphosphate of which phosphorus is an essential component. Without the mineral phosphate none of us would be alive - nor would any form of life for that matter. ATP is the universal molecule of life.

So far we have discussed some of the seven major minerals: calcium, magnesium, potassium, phosphorus, sulfur, sodium and chlorine. There are many more that your body needs, and estimates vary from 45 to 70 trace minerals, without which you would find it difficult to function properly. Although your body can make many of the organic substances needed for life from vitamins, amino acids, fatty acids and proteins, it cannot make minerals which have to be taken in as part of your diet. They must be taken in your regular diet or as a supplement.

In the USA a major mineral is one that is needed in amounts greater than 100 mg (0.1g) a day, and trace minerals are required at less than 100 mg a day. So one that is needed at 100.1 is major, and one at 99.9 mg is trace. Is there a difference in the source of trace minerals, or would any source be good enough? The answer lies in the construction of the human body, and the way in which it absorbs minerals.

Your body is not designed to absorb metallic minerals. The way that such minerals are available in your diet is as part of larger organic molecules, and this is the way they must be taken as a supplement. Thus, you can't just drink a soluble metal salt because it will pass straight through you with only around 5% absorption, if it doesn't poison you first. For supplement purpose, metallic minerals are chelated, or combined with larger organic molecules such as proteins and amino acids, and this increases absorption to as high as 50%.

The necessity of trace minerals in the human diet was not discovered, as much as the result of a number of studies on various societies and remedies that appeared to have no basis for their effects. The Hunzas and Azerbaijanis, for example, are known to live very long lives, and investigations into this showed their diet was very rich in colloidal trace minerals from glacial water and food grown in soil enriched by that water.

It was through studies such as this and also investigation into the metabolites obtained from liver extracts that indicated the importance of many trace minerals. Take arsenic, for example. A known poison in larger quantities, trace quantities have been found to be metabolized by the liver, and while no studies have been carried out on the use of arsenic as a trace element in human biochemistry, studies on rats and human liver extracts have indicated that it could have a part to play in normal growth and reproduction.

Trace minerals take part in many enzyme reactions, and physicians now agree that many health conditions could be enzymic in origin. It follows, then, that trace elements are important in maintaining good health. It is certainly true that we cannot live without any of the seven major minerals. And it is just as certain that many of the trace minerals are just as import to human biochemistry as the major ones. It is certainly true of vegetables, which are less complex biological entities than humans, and if tomatoes need at least eight known minerals for good growth then it is certain that we will need a lot more. No studies are needed to convince us of that.

Take zinc, for example. Zinc is essential for proper liver function, wound healing and reproduction: spermatogenesis, the proper development of the primary and secondary male sex organs, and all area of the female reproduction process. Zinc is classed as a trace element, as is selenium, a deficiency of which can lead to heart disease, mental retardation and impaired function of the thyroid. Selenium deficiency is not common in the West but is in China where many areas are depleted of selenium. However, if zinc and selenium are known to be essential, how many of the other seventy or so trace minerals are also essential to human health?

The trace minerals in general are believed to protect us from some degenerative conditions, the effects of environmental pollution and help to protect us from the effects of an excessive intake of toxic minerals. Although there have been insufficient studies carried out on most trace minerals, it is known that they should be taken in chelated form, metallic in nature or not.

It is also known that such minerals should be taken as a balanced mixture as found in nature. A bullet approach, using an individual mineral to treat a certain condition, could lead to an imbalance in the body, and severe side effects, some of which might not yet be known. What is known is that certain minerals are tolerated by each other in specific relative concentrations, but if this balance is upset then they can inter-react and produce unpleasant side effects on, for example, the delicate balance of minerals in the blood.

It is becoming increasingly clear that modern farming methods have resulted in mineral depletion of the soil, and that our normal diet now only contains a small number of the minerals that our forefathers were taking. Plants draw up minerals from the soil when they grow, and we take in these when we consume them or the animals that live on them. Saturation of the soil year in year out by chemical fertilizers low in or devoid of trace minerals has resulted in a sterile environment for our feedstock, and has made colloidal trace mineral supplements almost mandatory for good health.

Today's plants can contain fewer than 20 minerals, compared to the 70 plus of our ancestors. Life expectancy is increasing in spite of our increasingly poor diet rather than because of it, and is due more to medical advances than to advances in agriculture. A mineral supplement does seem necessary, but when you take one it should be balanced so that no one mineral is in excess at the expense of another.

This helps to reduce the possibility of overdosing on an individual substance while maintaining a natural balance of minerals in your body to make sure that your normal biochemistry is not interrupted by some deficiency or excess that has yet to be discovered. While this might seem a spurious argument, you can be certain that those in the past that used cadmium and lead as cosmetics would rather have known the effects of these toxic substances that eventually killed them.

So use chelated trace mineral by all means, but make sure that they are balanced and tested so that nothing is present that can upset the normal balance of minerals in your body. If they work for tomatoes they should work for you!

Copyright (c) 2008 Stephen Lau

The Chinese have a different perspective on health and wellness.

Unlike Western medicine, which focuses on treating symptoms of a disease, the Chinese medicine is more embracive: it concentrates on causes of an illness, and wholeness of an individual in relation to the universe.

For thousands of years, the Chinese have observed the importance of balance and harmony. This philosophy is manifested in the concept of "yin" and "yang", which is represented as the female and male, respectively, or as any two opposing forces in Nature that balance and complement each other for harmony and co-existence.

The terms "yin" and "yang" describe the opposite yet complementary energy states in the universe. A balance between the two polarities can help you stay in beneficial energy alignment, which is fundamental to wellness. "Yin" embodies negative electrical charge and contractive energy, while "yang" demonstrates positive electrical charge and expansive energy.

The balance of yin and yang is reflected in the Five Elements.

This concept of balance and harmony originates from the Five Elements (wood, fire, earth, metal, and water), which not only are fundamental to the cycles of Nature, but also correspond to the different organs of the human body. In addition, each of these elements also corresponds to a different color.

These Five Elements not only balance but also complement each other to create harmony. To illustrate, water nourishes trees or wood, without which there will be no fire, and without fire, there will be no earth, and without earth, there will be no metal; fire heats metal to produce water through condensation, and without metal, there will be no water. These Five Elements are inter-dependent on one another for existence in the form of a cycle of Nature.

The element of wood relates to the color green. Accordingly, eat green vegetables (from asparagus to dark leafy greens, such as spinach); green fruits (e.g. lime, and green apples); green-colored nuts and seeds (e.g. pumpkins); green-colored beans (e.g. mung beans); and green grains (e.g. rye).

The element of fire relates to the color red. Accordingly, eat red vegetables (e.g. beets, hot red peppers and bell peppers); red fruits, (e.g. cherries and red strawberries); red nuts and seeds (e.g. pecans); red-colored beans (red lentils and red beans); and red grains (buckwheat).

The element of earth relates orange and yellow. Accordingly, eat orange and yellow vegetables (e.g. pumpkins, squash, and yams); orange and yellow fruits (e.g. mangoes, oranges, and papaya); orange and yellow nuts and seeds (e.g. almonds and cashews); orange and yellow beans (e.g. chickpeas); and orange and yellow grains (e.g. corn and millet).

The element of metal relates to the white color. Accordingly, eat white vegetables (e.g. cauliflower); white fruits (e.g. bananas and pears); white nuts and seeds (e.g. pine nuts); white-colored beans (e.g. soy beans); and white grains (e.g. barley and rice).

The element of water relates to the black, blue, and purple. Accordingly, eat dark-colored vegetables (e.g. black mushroom, eggplant and seaweed); dark-colored fruits (e.g. blackberries, blueberries and raisins); dark-colored nuts and seeds (e.g. black sesame and walnuts); dark-colored beans (e.g. black beans and navy beans); and black grains (black wild rice).

For your "yin" and "yang" health, eat a diet that includes vegetables, fruits, nuts and seeds, beans, and grains of all the colors from the Five Elements. This "yin" and "yang" diet creates balance and harmony between your body organs for optimum health and wellness.

My first injection of Extreme Metal Music was back in 1985, i was 13 and a Metallica - "Ride The Lighning" cassette crossed my paths (Yes back then that was considered Extreme). I remember being at home alone with my crappy old "Ghetto Blaster" (that 'ate tapes') and fascinated at the cool "Electric Chair" cover art, it was at that moment within the first 30 seconds of "Fight Fire with fire" that my life would no doubt be set down a new path and Extreme Death Metal Music would be my fate. I remember being blown-away and scared shitless at the same time. The shear aggression and speed of the music was unlike anything i had ever heard (remember this was 1984 and i was 13 and Def Leppard was about the heaviest i had ever heard) and it was that very song that forever changed my life (thanx James) and led me to investigate this style of music even more. Bands like Slayer, Venom, Possessed and Death became the metal music that "Got me thru the day"

Well, the year is now 2008 and even though Metallica's "Ride The Lighning" is still one of my top 20 favorite albums of all time, Extreme Metal Music is like drugs, one is too many and a thousand is not enough.
The need for faster, heavier, more brutal and intense music dosages becomes the addiction. In today's world of Extreme Metal Music - Metallica would probably be considered choir boys. 

I guess it's time to talk about what this article is actually about... running an underground Death Metal Record Label. First off, running an underground death metal label like this usually meansrunning it from your parents basement, or if your a grown man who just can't seem to grow up, your running it from your own basement and are constantly having to remind your wife,"would you rather me be here at home with you wasting all our money, or at the strip clubs wasting all our money). Truth be told probably 90% of Death Metal Record Labels that exist do it for the pure love of the music and do it on top of working 40 - 50 hours a week doing something that actually makes money, and to those who continue to do it while investing their own money and risking their marriages and relationships i raise my Corona and "Cheers You!"... But that's just what Extreme Metal does to people, there is a devotion to it, there is just this undeniable force that encapsulates you... it's like being in a gang... a really large gang!

I work for a small record label CDN Records, a basement run 2 person operation managing over 2000 Extreme titles in the genres of Death Metal, Brutal Death Metal, Melodic Death Metal, Grindcore, Goregrind, Black Metal, Thrash Metal and more. The other person involved again and actually the one who started the label, a grown man like myself in his late 30's obsessed with metal music in it's most extreme form and probably the biggest "Death" (the band) fan you will ever meet. He started the label over 15 years ago, originally called "Civilian Death Network", but after 9-11 it was apparent that we needed to change the name, hence (CDN Records). The label started out mostly as a "Tape Trading" network trading various Death metal bands demos with other Death Metal music fans around the world, and back then without the internet and low-cost's of producing cd's the cost involved could bankrupt most people. Most of us doing this tape trading stuff usually spent every last extra penny we had, we begged borrowed and stole just so we could pay for postage.But with the advent of the internet and the ability to manufacture "CD's" cheap the label was able to evolve into a full-blown record label, signing and releasing
bands.

Currently we have over 15 of our own titles, and what we do is trade our titles with other Extreme Labels around the world which increases our distro catalogue. It's a great system, and its probably the only form a music in the world (that i know of) that operates like this... again reminding me of the bond and devotion to Extreme Music us "Metalheads" have. It's like there is no competition between all Underground metal labels, we work together to create an even larger network. Its and even better deal for alot of the bands in the Death Metal, Extreme Music genre. We have taken bands who would never have been able to get their music on a cd let alone shipped out and into the hands of metalheads around the world... and that's a great feeling and what fuels us to keep going.

Although, we first do this for the love of Death Metal music, we definitely work very hard at trying to get "Death Metal Music" to pay the bills. How much better could it get? promoting the music you love and making a living do it...

Tips for staring your own Death Metal Record label:
1. Find a band that you really like and has already recorded their own full-length cd (This saves you money)
2. Sign the band to a simple distribution deal, you press 1000 copies and give the band a few hundred copies (most death metal bands will jump at the chance for this)  
3. Get yourself a simple web site and the ability to sell your product online.
4. Spend countless hours surfing the internet looking for other small Extreme Death Metal labels... create a long list
5. Contact all the labels you found online and ask if they do "Trades", usually trades are based on a point system you'll figure that out quick.
6. Most labels will trade 3-5 copies to start, trade with 100 labels you now have 300-500 titles to add to your web sites online catalogue
7. Don not take more than 10 copies of any one title... 3-5 at most
8. Promote online, Promote Online, Promote online... forums, blogs, myspace etc etc.
9. Repeat steps 1 thru 7 once you have no more of the original 1000 cd's you pressed, of the cd traded well press the same release, if you struggled
to get other labels to take it on trade, search for a new band and try again.
10. You will be very lucky to sell more than a few thousand copies of any 1 Extreme Death metal cd, Grindcore cd or Black Metal CD (unless you happy to get lucky enough to sign the next Cannibal Corpse or Cradle of Filth)  release so don't get frustrated, the key is to
build your online catalogue with 1000's of titles to chose from and enjoy the fact that you are now promoting and selling 100's of Extreme Metal bands.

For all you Death Metal, Brutal Death metal, Melodic Death metal, Grindcore, Goregrind, Black Metal and Thrash Metal needs, stop on by www.cdnrecords.com

The latest innovation today is metal roofing. Available in a range of appealing materials, today's metal roofing offers strength, flexibility, and permanence to compliment any home design. Metal roof contractors prize metal roofing for its beauty, endurance and renovation-friendliness.

Whenever metal roofing installation is being considered, aluminum is a natural choice because it offers strength and durability along with a light weight. In fact, within the aerospace industry, aluminum is the number one metal choice, so it is no surprise that aluminum's desirable qualities make the material just as popular among metal roofing contractors. The lighter weight of aluminum makes it easy for homeowners to re-roof, reducing the weight of their current roof while enjoying the beauty of the latest metal roofing. No structural reinforcement is required as might be the case with slate or tile roofing materials. And because aluminum roofing resists corrosion and rust, it is an ideal material for use in coastal environments. Finally, aluminum is supple and flexible, which allows for greater creativity for intricate or delicately formed roof, with no loss of strength or beauty.

Galvanized Metal Roofing

One roof that is truly as strong as steel is galvanized metal roofing. One specific type of galvanized metal roofing is manufactured under the brand name, Galvalume, North America's fastest growing coated steel construction product. This metal roofing is made with galvanized steel. It is strong, resists common outdoor corrosive forces and is highly durable at twice the rate of regular galvanized metal. Galvalume provides outstanding properties of heat reflectivity. This places a lower energy load on buildings and contributes to greater comfort inside the building. A Galvalume metal roofing installation looks terrific on every home, and offer extremely low maintenance and wonderful energy savings.

In fact, metal roofing manufactured by Galvalume has been tested by the Florida Solar Energy Center and have passed UL 90 wind tests based on their weight and strength. This means this metal roofing installation can withstand 155 mile-per-hour winds.

Today's metal roofing made with galvanized steel is suitable for residential use and is typically coated with zinc (g90) or a combination of zinc and aluminum (AZ50) to ensure resistance to corrosive elements. Additional benefits of galvanized metal roofing include excellent strength, greater resistance to wind uplift, which can damage a roof, and a variety of applications compared to other metal roofing materials. Of course, this means homeowners can also enjoy a wider variety of pricing and products than can be found with other types of metal roofing. Many metal roofing contractors are available to assist with installation of your metal roof

Metal Roofing & Energy Efficiency

Homeowners who want to live more "green" and wish to reduce their energy bills and add much-needed value to their homes are pleased by the energy efficiency and environmentally friendly elements of metal roofing.

Metal roofing installation also qualifies homeowners for a energy tax credit of up to $550 per year, courtesy of the United States Energy Policy Act of 2005. Simply use IRS Form 5695. If you do not plan to move for several years, a metal roof installation investment is a good one, even if you never receive the tax credit, simply because of the savings in home energy expenses.

Metal roofing installation upgrades include "cool metal roofing", a solid, good looking metal roofing solution that saves up to 40% on annual energy costs depending on where you live. The secret to this metal roof's ability to save energy lies in its finish. The typical dark asphalt roof traps heat inside the home. Basic metal roofing that is unpainted reflects the solar energy your asphalt roof would usually absorb. Homes in warmer climates are best suited to granular coated (pre-painted) metal roofing that reflects solar energy and cools the home by re-emitting absorbed solar radiation. Best of all, metal roofing is created from recycled materials, and metal roofing installation can be done directly over your asphalt roof. Overall, metal roofing:

· Reduces landfill waste

· Offers a quicker installation

· Provides many years of environmentally responsible roofing

· Is maintenance-free

· Adds beauty and value to your home

· Offers a Limited Lifetime Warranty

· Is expected to last more than 150 years

If you are ready to transform your home using beautiful, energy efficient, long-lasting metal roofing, today is a great day to begin.